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The battery electrolyte allows electric charges to pass the battery plates between the two terminals. The electrolyte brings the chemicals needed for the reaction into contact with the anode and cathode, thus converting the stored energy into usable electricity.
The electrolyte acts as a catalyst, making the battery conductive by facilitating the movement of ions from the cathode to the anode during charging and the opposite direction during discharging. Ions are charged atoms that lose or gain electrons. A battery's electrolyte consists of soluble salts, acids, or other bases, and comes in liquid, gel, and dry forms. Electrolytes also come in polymer form, as used in solid-state batteries, solid ceramics, and molten salts (eg, sodium-sulfur batteries).
Lead acid uses lead sulfate. During charging, lead oxide (PbO2) is formed on the positive plate, increasing the acid density and almost turning into water when fully discharged. The specific gravity of lead sulfate is measured with a hydrometer. Lead-acid batteries come in flooded and sealed forms, also known as valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) or maintenance-free. Lead sulfate is colorless, slightly yellow-green, soluble in water, and highly corrosive. The discoloration to brown may be rusting caused by corrosion of the anode or water entering the battery pack. Lead-acid batteries have different specific gravity. Deep-cycle batteries use high-density electrolytes with SG up to 1.330 for higher specific energies, with an average SG of about 1.265 for start-up cells and a low SG of about 1.225 for stationary cells to moderate corrosion and prolong life. Lead sulfate has a wide range of applications and is also found in drain cleaners and various cleaning agents. It also serves mineral processing, mineral processing, fertilizer manufacturing, oil refining, wastewater treatment and chemical synthesis.
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